مصطلحات لا بد من معرفتها

هذه بعض المصطلحات العلمية والتي غالباً ما تمر على الصيدلي
سواءً كان طالباً او ممارساً للمهنة و اسفل كل مصطلح شرح مبسط له
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اترككم لتستفيدوا ......وسأذكر في نهاية الموضوع المرجع بإذن الله
....

A

Abiotic Degradation
Breakdown of a chemical by
processes other than living organisms, such as photodegradation and chemical
reactions (e.g. hydrolysis).

Absorbed Dose

The amount of a substance that actually enters into the body, usually
expressed as milligrams of substance per kilogram of body weight (mg/kg).

Absorption
The process whereby a
substance moves from outside the body into the body.

Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)
The amount of a chemical
to which a person can be exposed each day over a long period of time (usually
lifetime) without suffering harmful effects.

Acetylcholine

An important chemical in the body
having physiological functions, including the neurotransmission of electrical
impulses across synapses of nerve endings.

Acetylcholinesterase
An enzyme present in nervous
tissue, muscle, and red blood cells that catalyzes the hydrolysis of
acetylcholine to choline and acetic acid.

ACGIH

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. It is
professional society for industrial hygienists that recommends safety and health
guidelines.

Active Transport
The movement
of a substance across a membrane requiring energy.

Acute Dose
The amount of a substance administered or
received over a very short period of time (minutes or hours), usually within 24
hours.

Acute Effect
An effect that occurs
almost immediately (hours/days) after a single or brief exposure to a toxic
agent. Generally, acute effects will be evident within 14 days.

ADI
see Acceptable Daily Intake

Adsorption
The process of attracting and holding a
substance to a surface. For example, a substance may adsorb onto a soil
particle.

Adverse Reactions to Drug Report

A report which is voluntarily submitted by physicians to the FDA
after a drug has been approved and in use.

Aerosols

Aerosols are airborne particulates. They may be solids or liquid
droplets.

Allergy
An immune
hypersensitivity reaction of body tissues to allergens that can affect the skin
(urticaria), respiratory tract (asthma), gastrointestinal tract (vomiting and
nausea) or produce a systemic circulatory response (anaphylactic response).

Alveoli
The air sacs at the ends of the
tracheo-bronchial tree in which gases are exchanged between inhaled air and the
pulmonary capillary blood.

Ambient environment

The surrounding environment. This can refer to ambient air, ambient
water, or ambient soil.

Ames Test
A test
for mutagenesis using the bacterium, Salmonella typhimurium.

Anemia
A condition in which there is reduced or
impaired red blood cells or hemoglobin resulting in an inadequate capacity of
the blood to transport oxygen to body tissues.

Aneuploidy
Any deviation from an exact multiple of the
haploid number of chromosomes. This may involve missing or extra chromosomes or
parts of chromosomes.

Anoxia
An
insufficient (below normal) supply of oxygen in the body tissues.

Antagonism
An interaction between two chemicals in
which one decreases the expected toxic effect of the other.

Antibody
An antibody is a protein molecule
(immunoglobulin with a unique amino acid sequence) that only interacts with a
specific or closely related foreign substances (antigen). The antibody is
induced (a response of the immune system) as a result of prior exposure to the
antigen.

Anticholinergic Effects

Neurological effects resulting from the blockage of acetylcholine
which transmits impulses across nerve junctions.

Antidote
A remedy for counteracting a poison.

Asphyxiant
A relatively non-toxic gas
that in high concentrations in the air results in insufficient oxygen which can
cause hypoxia.

ATSDR
Agency for Toxic
Substances and Disease Registry. It is a federal agency responsible for
emergency response to chemical spills and assessment of health effects of
hazardous waste sites.

Autoimmunity
An
immune response that recognizes the constituents of the body's own cells as
foreign and thus induces hypersensitivity to its own tissues.

Average Daily Intake
The amount of a chemical to which
a person consumes over a period of a day. It is determined by multiplying
typical concentration of the chemical in drinking water, air, and food by
an
average daily intake factor such as 2 liters of water per
day.

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مشكوره يارهينه

ماتقصرين وسباقه للتميز

يعطيكي العافيه و pirat

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